In p2p file sharing, a software client on is an user-end PC that requests a file, and portions of the requested file thats on a peers machine that are sent to the client, and then reassembled into a full file of the requested file. The “tracker” server keeps track of where data  copies and resides on peer machines, which ones are available at time of the client request, and helps coordinate efficient transmission and reassembly of the copied file. Clients that have already started downloading a file that communicate with the tracker periodically to negotiate faster file transfer with new peers, and also provides network performance statistics; however, after the initial p2p file download is started, p2p communication can be continued without the connection to a tracker.

Since the creation of the distributed hash table ,the method for “trackerless” torrents, trackers have largely become redundant. However, they are still often included with torrents to improve the speed of peer discovery.

Learn little bit more about p2p network here

TYPES OF TRACKERS

There are mainly to types of tracker they are public tracker and private trackers

Public trackers

Public or open trackers can be accessed by anyone by simply by adding the tracker address to an existing torrent, or they can be used by any newly created torrent, like utorrent etc.

Private trackers

A private tracker is a torrent tracker that restricts it uses by requiring users to register with the site. The method for controlling registration used among many private trackers is an invitation only system, in which active and contribution of members are given the ability to grant a new user permission to register at the site, or a new user goes through a selection process to join the tracker.

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    Browser extension are small modular software at allows the web browsers to do many number of things for example to block ad, modify the cookies and management settings and connection setting

It essentially allows browsers to perform how the users wants and needs by installing the modulus called extensions .

You can download this extensions from the web store of your browser byt some browsers doesn’t support browser extension  for firefox it can be downloads here for chrome here

TOP BROWSER EXTENSIONS :

1.uBLOCK ORIGIN 

By starting this list we have uBlock origin this is the best browser extension that you can have on your browser. It is not just your typical add blocker it can also block script injection on the webpage . it blocks annoying ads as well as the pop up ad that opens when clicked upon the webpage . this is a very small explanation on this amazing browser extension.

2.SKIP REDIRECT

Some websites uses intermediary webpages before redirecting to a final page. This webextension tries to extract the final url from the intermediary url and goes there straight away if successful

If it finds the final redirect link it skips the redirect page and goes to the final destination automatically. You can add exceptions or add additional redirect links etc… it is one the the most useful browser extension that you can have.

3.ZENMATE

Zen mate is a simple vpn browser extension. It is not for becoming secure or anything but it can be used in a pinch if your isp is blocking certain websites. By using this extension you can bypass your isp restriction . I don’t recommend it for privacy focused activities.

4.HTTPSEVERYWHERE

    Httpseverywhere is a simple browser extension that forces the websites to use the encrypted http protocol everywebpages in 2022 have https but it may use the http instead of secure https.

5.FIREFOX COLOR

Firefox color is a must have extension for every person who likes to customize the theme and make it personalized . This provides an easy to use setting to customize the theme color ,as well as export your theme or alter any other premade theme for your own liking.

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    A boot device is any piece of hardware containing the files required for a computer to start

Typically a cd. For many purposes like installing a new operating system or repairing the os or live booting an operating system. But CDs are not convenient. Making a usb drive bootable make it very convenient as well as useful . in this article we wil see how to make usb pendrive into a bootable device

MAKING A BOOTABLE PENDRIVE [Windows]

MAKING BOOTABLE WINDOWS USB PENDRIVE

    Making a bootable windows pendrive is very easy, it doesn’t even require any additional software other than a iso disk mounter .

STEP 1; insert the pendrive in to the computer [AT LEAST 4GB]

STEP 2;format the usb drive to exFat format

STEP 3;Download the windows iso file from the microsoft

STEP 4;mount the iso file using an iso mounting software

STEP 5;Just copy all the contents from the iso into your formatted usb pendrive

MAKING BOOTABLE PENDRIVE OF LINUX OR WINDOWS USING RUFUS;

Rufus is an amazing simple to use utility for creating bootable pendrive for any operating system.

STEP 1; Download rufus from the website

STEP 2; Install it and open the rufus

STEP 3: Insert the usb drive

STEP 4; Select the inserted usb drive [it will automatically select the inserted usb drive]

STEP 5; Select the iso image of the operating system it can be linux iso or windows iso

STEP 6; select the required drive type weather it is for BIOS or UEFI

STEP 7; click start wait until the process is finished

MAKING A BOOTABLE PENDRIVE [LINUX/MACOS]

    Rusfus is not available in other operating system but fortunately there any many other utilities that do the same thing on other operating system. In this article be will be using etcher

Disclaimer etcher cannot create a bootable windows pendrive ,so you need to use the iso mounting and coping method mentioned in the start of the article

  STEP 1; Download the etcher form their website

STEP 2: Install it and open the software

STEP 3; First select the usb drive you need to make it as bootable

STEP 4; Then select the iso image of your choose [not windows iso]

STEP 5; Then just flash wait until the process is completed

If you want to know more about linux and wanted to try out linux distros check out the article about linux

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If you want to try linux checkout this article of best linux distro in 2022 .as well as check out other linux command series here

1.vim

vim is a free and open source terminal text editor that’s in use since the ’90s. It lets users to edit plain text files using efficient keybindings.

Some people thinks it is difficult to use but exiting Vim is one of the most-viewed questions but once you get used to it, it becomes your best ally in the command line.

2.suble

Its an alternate gui text editor,it is the command line command to open a file in the popular sublime text editor it is a gui text editor .but you need to install the sublime text editor to use this command

3.which

The which command prints the full path of shell commands. If it can’t recognize the given command, it’ll throw an error.

For eg, we can use this to check the folder path for Python

4.shred

If you want a file to be impossible to recover,then  shred can help you with this task. This command rewrites the contents of a file again and again until the final result becomes extremely difficult to recover.

5.whoami

The whoami command (stands for “who am i”) displays the username currently in use

6.whatis

whatis simple prints a single-line description of any other command, making it a helpful reference:

It gives a single line definition for the  command or programs .

7.wc

Wc stands for “word count,” and as the name suggests, it returns the number of words in a text document or a text file:

wc long.txt

# 37 207 1000 long.txt

Let’s breakdown the output of this command:

• 37 lines
• 207 words
• 1000 byte-size
• The name of the file (long.txt)

If you only need the number of words in the file, use the -w flag:

wc -w long.txt

8.uname

uname(short for “Unix name”) prints the operative system information, which comes in handy when you know your current Linux version.

Most of the time, you’ll be using the -a (–all) flag, since the default output isn’t that useful:

9.neofetch

Neofetch is a command-line interface tool that allows users to display information about your system — like shell,kerbal  version and hardware information — next to an ASCII logo of your Linux distro:

10.wget

World Wide Web get is a utility that allows the user to  retrieve content from the internet. It has one of the largest option flags available.

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        Hacking others without their consent is punishable by law the exception are for security reasons and ethical hacking so this article is for purely for educational purposes

WHAT IS HACKING ?

                Hacking is a process of gaining access to the host computer by exploiting weakness and security vulnerabilities in the network. There are mainly two types of hackers black hat hackers and white hat hackers .

Black hat hacker- this type of hacker hacks into the system with malicious intent like stealing information to sell or for blackmailing or just to sabatosh the system.

White hat hackers-this type of hacker hacks the system to know the weakness and tell the owner of the system / network about its weakness and help them rectify the vulnerabilities these hackers are employed by security companies as well as governments

TOOLS:

                Hacking tools are just computer programs that are used to crack or break the security of the computer system  and networks by exploiting the known vulnerabilities. There are many hacking tools created for different purposes. These tools make pentesting and hacking easy

So in this article we are going to see top 5 ethical hacking tools most of the tools are used in linux so if you want to know about linux check out the article about linux and if you want to know about what distro to use check out best distor in 2022

TOP ETHICAL HACKING TOOLS IN 2022:

This list does not follow any particular order because each tool has its own purpose

1.Nmap (Network Mapper)

    Nmap is basically a network mapper capable of discovering services and hosts on a particular network, thereby creating a network map. This software provides several features that help in searching  computer networks,and host discovery as well as detection of operating systems it runs, etc. Being script-extendible it provides advanced vulnerability detection and it can also adapt to network conditions like congestion and latency while scanning.

2.Metasploit

    Metasploit is one of the most well known frameworks and it is open-source. This is used to penetrate testing and exploit remote target in hacking  some of the features of metasploit are it is open-source as well as cross-platform

3.Aircrack-Ng

    Wireless network usage is rising, so it’s becoming very  important to keep Wi-Fi secure. Aircrack-Ng provides ethical hackers a list of command-line tools that can check and evaluate Wi-Fi network security. Aircrack-Ng specializes in attacking, monitoring, testing, and cracking. This tool supports Windows, OS X, Linux, eComStation, as well as many other operating system

4.Wireshark

    Wireshark is a great tool that is used  for analyzing data packets and can also be used to perform deep checking of a large number of established protocols. You can also export analysis reports  to many different file formats like PostScript, Plaintext, and XML CSV.

Its feature set includes offline analysis ,cross-platform support etc..

5.SQLMap

    SQLMap is an open-source tool that allows users to automate detecting and exploiting SQL Injection flaws and taking control of database servers. it can be used to connect directly with specific databases. SQLMap supports many different  SQL injection techniques

Features of sqlmap are it has a powerful detection engine ,supports execution of arbitrary commands

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If you want to know little bit about linux check the history of linux article in here

What is a linux distro

    Linux distro

        A Linux distribution, often shortened to Linux distro, is an operating system compiled from components developed by various open source projects and programmers. Each distribution includes the Linux kernel (the foundation of the operating system), the GNU shell utilities (the terminal interface and commands), the X server (for a graphical desktop), the desktop environment, a package management system, an installer and other services. Many components are developed independently from each other and are distributed in source code form. Distros also include an Internet browser, management tools and other software such as the KVM hypervisor. A single Linux distribution may contain thousands of software packages, utilities and applications.

 The Best Linux Distros for Beginners

Ubuntu

If people think of alternative operating system other than macos or windows they probably think about ubuntu. it is the most used linux distro that is because of many reasons it has one of the biggest community that is very much active .many other distro are also based on ubuntu so the command you learn as well as the working of this operating system then you can use it on othe operating system distro based on ubuntu .there are many flavor of ubuntu they all the same except the desktop environment .vanila ubuntu come with GNOME desktop environment xubuntu come with xfce desktop environment .whatever you chose it will work great if your system have low specification then choose xubuntu it is very stable .

Best looking linux distros

    Elementary os

        Elementary os is my operating system of choose because it has arguably best looking and polished user interface compare to any other linux distros it used its own environment called pantheon it does require some decent specification for the machine but it is very smooth and very enjoyable to use and also it is based on LTS version of ubuntu and so it is very easy to learn and use it as daily driver

Click here to see the official elementary os website

Best distro for gaming 

    Pop os       

Pop os is the best operating system for gaming among all the available linux distro.because it come with all the necessary drivers for the system as well as dedicated drivers for nivida graphic card and all the drivers and components are up to date.this used modified GNOME desktop environment called cosmos .pop os is based on ubuntu this runs on most devices without any problem but if you focus on gaming then the requirement s may vary.

Best distro for pen testing (HACKING)

    Kali linux

If you heard of hacking then you probably heard of kali linux it is the tools for cybersecurity it comes with many hacking ,pentesting tools pre installed in the operating system.the kali linux is often live boot in a pen drive but it can also be installed normally but i don’t recommend it for daily driving the focus of this operating system is for security research and testing and not for the daily usage .it is also based on debian.it used xfce desktop environment ,this operating system need light system specification to run.   

if you want to learn about terminal commands check out the basic linux command for beginners article

Conclusion

    There are lots of linux distro.there is a distro for everyone and for every need the main thing is to try out different distros and learn about it and use it until you find it .this article just show the best in may not be for others but what majority people consider best in each categories try it if you don’t like it then just install another disto .because the linux operating system is free and open source the user can do whatever they want in the linux operating system.

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So in PART-1 of basic linux command we see command linux command. In this post, we will continue to learn some other basic commands of linux in this post.

Check out the PART-1 OF BASIC LINUX COMMAND FOR ABSOLUTE BEGINNERS

WHAT IS LINUX ?

    Linux is a open source operating system that runs linux kernel there are lot of distribution of linux, linux is highly customizable os unlike windows for macos they are very restricted compare to the linux os,os linux can run on wide variety of hardware from smartwatch to supercomputer and they are well know for it stability and reliability 

to learn little bit more about linux click here

this article will show additional and useful basic linux commands

1.locate

    You can use this command to find a file, just like the windows search in Windows.in addition to that, using the -i argument along with this command will make it case-insensitive, so you can search for a file even if you don’t know its exact name.

To search for a file that having more than two words, use an asterisk *. For ex, locate -i scnotes* note command will search for any file that contains the word “scnote” and “scnote”, even if it is in uppercase or lowercase.

2.find

    It is similar to the locate command, using find it also  searches for files and directories. The difference between locate and find commands is that, you use the find command to find the files within a specific directory.

As an example, find /home/ -name scnotes.txt command will search for a file called scnotes.txt within the home directory and its subdirectories.

3.grep

This is another basic Linux command that is very helpful for everyday use .It lets you search through all the text in a given file.

For example if you type “grep pink colors.txt” it will search for the word pink in the colors file. Lines that contain the word will be shown fully.

4.df

    df command is used to get a report on the system’s disk space usage, shown in percentage and KBs. If you want to see the disk space usage report in megabytes, type df -m.

5.du

    If you want to check the size of a file or a directory, the du (Disk Usage) command is used for that purpose.However, the disk usage summary will show disk- block numbers instead of the usual size format. If you want it to show it in bytes, kilobytes, and megabytes, add the -h argument to the command.

6.tar

    The tar command is one of the most used commands to archive multiple files into a tarball file ,a common Linux file format that is like zip format in other operating systems, with compression being optional.

This command has a long list of functions such as adding new files into an existing tarball file, listing the total  content of an archive, extracting the content from a file, and many more.

7.chmod

    chmod is another Linux command, used to change the write,read and execute permissions of files and directories.

8.ping

    Ping command is used to check the connecting status of the server that is still alive and does it give response back or not

9.history

     History command is used to show the previously typed command in the terminal 

10.echo

    This command is used to copy some data into a file. For eg, if you want to add the text, “hello world” into a file called nameless.txt, you would type echo hello world >> nameless.txt

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    Linux is a family of open source operating system running linux kernel you might not know about linux but the world is run by linux ,all the server are exclusively runs linux operating system because linux is known for its stability and relatability as well is it can run on wide range of hardware from watches to supercomputers

    Unlike windows and mac os linux is completely open source and it has a very large community of people that helps ordinary people to get using linux, and there are lot of distribution there is something for everyone in the linux 

    Unlike other os the linux doesn’t even need GUI(Graphical user interface) or mouse  to operate the entire system ,it can even operate by commands in the terminal many people are scared because of that but most linux distros come with GUI but still learning some command will improve your day to day workflow in linux

    So these are some of the command for beginners 

check out the a small introduction to linux here.

1.ls command

    ls  command is used to list all the file in the current directory you are in if you want the ls command to to show hidden files then use -a as an argument to show the all the file with hidden files in the current directory

2.cp-command 

    cp command is used to copy files through the command line interface. It takes two parameter: The first is the location of the file to be copied, the second is where to copy the file.

3.cd command

    cd-  change directory

    It is used to go to a specific directory. For example, if you are in the home folder, and you want to change it to the downloads folder, then you can type in “cd Downloads”., this command is case sensitive, and you have to type in exact name of the folder. But the changing director should be with in the current directory for example you are in downloads folder you want to open ex1 folder but it is inside 

Some other folder in the download directory then the command should be cd Download/folder/ex1 also if the folder you want to open having two name like space in between then the space should be denoted by \ for example if the name of the folder is home work then the command should be cd home\work

If you want to go back then use cd ..

5.cat command

    cat command is used to display the contents of a file. For example cat hello.txt 

The contents of the hello.txt file will be displayed

6.mv-command

    mv it is similar to cut in other operating system it is same as cp command but instead of coping its content it will move the content it have two argument the first should be the source location next should be the destination

7.mkdir-command

    mkdir command is used to create a new director for example mkdir hello it will create a new folder in the current working directory it can also use to create inside the other director for example it can create new folder inside the hello folder by using mkdir /hello/hello2

If you folder need two word then the blank space is represented by \

8.rmdir-command

    rmdir  is exactly opposite to mkdir command; it is use to delete the directory but it can only delete empty directory to delete the contents of the file rm command is used for that purpose.

9.rm command

 rm command is used to delete files and directories.  Use “rm -r” to delete just the directory. Defaut It deletes both the folder and the files contained within the directory.

10.touch-command

    Touch command is used to create file it can create any type of file for example touch hello.txt

It will create an empty text file with the name hello

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1. INTRODUCTION

    In 1991, a young computer scientist named Linus Torvalds created a new operating system that would come to be known as Linux. This open source operating system has since enjoyed a surge in popularity, and is now used by millions of people around the world. In this article, we will take a closer look at the history of Linux, and explore how it has evolved over the years.

2. THE EARLY DAYS OF LINUX

    Linux was first created in 1991, when Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki, decided to write his own operating system. Torvalds was inspired by MINIX, an operating system developed by Andrew Tanenbaum.

Torvalds began work on Linux in October of 1991, and released the first version of the operating system in December of that year. Linux was a departure from traditional operating systems, as it was based on the Linux kernel, a free and open source operating system kernel.

Linux has grown in popularity over the years, and is now used by millions of people around the world. In addition to its use as a desktop operating system, Linux is also used as a server operating system, and is popular in the world of cloud computing.

.The Linux kernel is a monolithic kernel. It is responsible for managing the system’s resources, and providing basic services to all other applications. The kernel is also responsible for security, and ensuring that the system’s resources are used efficiently.

The kernel is the first program that starts when the system boots. It is responsible for initializing the system’s hardware, and for loading the user-space programs and libraries that make up the system’s environment.

3. THE RISE OF LINUX

    Linux is a free and open-source operating system that was first developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Today, Linux is used by millions of people around the world and is the most popular operating system for web servers.

One of the reasons Linux is so popular is because it is very versatile. It can be used on a wide variety of devices, from servers and mainframes to desktop computers and mobile phones. Linux is also very user-friendly, especially for those who are familiar with using the command line.

Another reason Linux is so popular is because it is an open-source operating system. This means that anyone can view and modify the source code, making it easy to customize for specific needs. Linux is also highly reliable and secure, making it an ideal choice for mission-critical applications.

If you’re looking for an alternative to Windows or macOS, Linux is a great option. It’s free, user-friendly, and very versatile. Give it a try today!

4. THE CURRENT STATE OF LINUX

    Since the open nature of the linux lead to the wide adoption nearly all the servers in the world runs on the linux in other words the backend of the internet is running of the linux the enterprise adopted buy the mainstream users are not adopted by them yet since they are main attracted to the popular option but it is changing step by step more and more user are trying to use the linux operating system because they are tired of the big companies trying as they wisee os now they are drawn towards the open and privacy focused linux operating systems if you want to wet your feet on linux here is the link to the best linux distribution to try for beginners 

5. CONCLUSION

    In conclusion linux is still popular among enthusiasts as well as in the server and it will continue to improve as time goes on .

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